BANGKOK, Thailand – Mood swings, irritability and physical discomfort in the days before menstruation may be more than a passing bad mood. They can be signs of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), a condition that affects women differently and can interfere with daily life. PMS refers to a combination of physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms that typically appear one to two weeks before a menstrual period. The severity varies from person to person, and symptoms generally ease once menstruation begins.
Recognizing the symptoms
Physical symptoms can include breast tenderness, swelling of the hands, feet or face, weight gain, acne, bloating, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, headaches, migraines, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, increased thirst, hot flushes, sweating, palpitations and dizziness. Emotional symptoms may include mood swings, anxiety, stress, sadness, crying easily and difficulty concentrating or remembering things. Changes in behavior can include poor sleep, increased appetite or food cravings, social withdrawal and irritability.
What causes PMS?
The exact cause remains unclear, but hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle are believed to play an important role. Levels of oestrogen and progesterone fluctuate around ovulation and during the period leading up to menstruation. Changes in brain chemicals, particularly serotonin, may also contribute to mood changes and other symptoms.
Ways to manage symptoms
Women can take several steps to reduce the impact of PMS, including:
- Limiting caffeine and alcohol.
- Eating more complex carbohydrates, such as brown rice, whole grains and wholemeal bread.
- Exercising for at least 30 minutes a day.
- Getting enough sleep.
- Practicing deep breathing to ease headaches and anxiety.
- Drinking sufficient water, with eight glasses a day suggested as a general guide.
Women whose symptoms are severe or significantly affect their daily lives should consult a doctor for appropriate assessment and care. Understanding PMS can help women recognize recurring symptoms, make lifestyle adjustments and seek medical support when needed.
